Esterified Illipe Butter-Based Fatty Amine as a Bio-Based Multifunctional Additive for NR/BR Blends Reinforced with a Silica/Silane System in Green Tire Tread Development

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##

Published May 25, 2025
https://doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v9i2.357
Download
PDF
Statistic
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Mohamad Irfan Fathurrohman
PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara
Santi Puspitasari
PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara
Norma Arisanti Kinasih
PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara
Dewi Kusuma Arti
National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Abstract

The sustainable rubber industry, particularly in the tire sector, is supported by the use of biomaterials such as multifunctional additives. Fatty amine, derived from the esterification of illipe butter, is considered a promising bio-based multifunctional additive for the development of green tires. This research aimed to investigate the effect of varying dosage of fatty amine on the properties of green tire treads based on NR/BR blends reinforced with a silica/silane system. DPG and unmodified illipe butter were used as comparative references. The "magic triangle of tire performance" was employed as a benchmark for evaluating green tire tread performance. The result indicated that both unmodified illipe butter and fatty amine functioned as bio based multifunctional additives, specifically serving as a bio-plasticizer (filler dispersant) and fast-delayed bio-accelerator, respectively. Therefore, they have the potential to substitute DPG in rubber formulations. The combination of unmodified illipe butter and fatty amine at dosages of 2.5 and 1.25 phr, respectively, exhibited similar behavior by enhancing rubber-filler interaction. Consequently, they meet the desirable criteria outlined in the magic triangle of tire performance.

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Mohamad Irfan Fathurrohman, PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara

Indonesian Rubber Research Institute

Santi Puspitasari, PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara

Indonesian Rubber Research Institute

Norma Arisanti Kinasih, PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara

Indonesian Rubber Research Institute

Dewi Kusuma Arti, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Research Center for Advanced Material

How to Cite
1.
Fathurrohman MI, Puspitasari S, Kinasih NA, Arti DK. Esterified Illipe Butter-Based Fatty Amine as a Bio-Based Multifunctional Additive for NR/BR Blends Reinforced with a Silica/Silane System in Green Tire Tread Development. J. appl. agricultural sci. technol. [Internet]. 2025May25 [cited 2025Jul.23];9(2):239-54. Available from: https://jaast.org/index.php/jaast/article/view/357

References

  1. Zhu K, Liu Y, Wang H, Guo X, Liao S, Wang Z, Fang L. Xanthate-modified silica as novel multifunctional additive for properties improvement of natural rubber. Compos Sci Tech. 2021;203:108567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108567
  2. Gao W, Zhang W, Liu J, Hua J. Multifunctional and anti-migration plasticizers based on bio-based phenol-functionalized liquid 1,2-polybutadiene. Polym Test. 2023;118:107917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107917
  3. Koley R, Kasilingam R, Sahoo S, Chattopadhyay S, Bhowmick AK. Waste moringa oleifera gum as a multifunctional additive for unfilled SBR compound. Rubber Chem Technol 2021;94:248-267. https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.21.79998
  4. Kandil H, Samy M, El-Nashar DE. Gallate ester of castor oil as a multifunctional additive in HAF carbon black-filled natural rubber composite. J Vinyl Add Tech 2021;28:331-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21886
  5. Sarma AD, Federico CE, Nzulu F, Weydert M, Verge P, Schmidt DF. Multipurpose processing additives for silica/rubber composites: synthesis, characterization, and application. Polym 2021;13:3608. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213608
  6. Heideman G, Noordermeer JWM, Datta RN, van Baarle B. Multifunctional additives as zinc-free curatives for sulfur vulcanization. Rubber Chem Technol 2006;79:561-588. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547952
  7. Chollakup R, Suethao S, Suwanruji P, Boonyarit J, Smitthipong W. Mechanical properties and dissipation energy of carbon black/rubber composites. Compos Adv Mat 2021;30:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/26349833211005476
  8. Boden J, Bowen CR, Buchard A, Davidson MG, Norris C. Understanding the effect of cross-linking density on the self-healing performance of epoxidized natural rubber and natural rubber. ACS Omega 2022;7:15098-15105. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00971
  9. Chae E, Yang SR, Choi SS. Test method for abrasion behavior of tire tread compounds using the wear particles. Polym Test 2022;115:107758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107758
  10. Park SH, inventor. Silica dispersion agent of amine type for producing tire. Korean Patent KR101409502B1. 2014-06-18. https://patents.google.com/patent/KR101409502B1/en
  11. Brinke JWT, Debnath SC, Reuvekamp LAEM, Noordermeer JWM. Mechanistic aspects of the role of coupling agents in silica-rubber composites. Compos Sci Technol 2003;63:1165-1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00077-0
  12. Jin J, Noordermeer JWM, Blume A, Dierkes WK. Effect of SBR/BR elastomer blend ratio on filler and vulcanization characteristics of silica filled tire tread compounds. Polym Test 2021;99:107212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107212
  13. Narayan SPA, Palade LI. Modelling Payne effect with a framework of multiple natural configurations. International J Eng Sci 2020;157:103396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103396
  14. Menezes F, Passador FR, de Mello SAC. Effect of phthalate-free plasticizer addition on thermal, mechanical, and aging properties of nitrile rubber (NBR). J Elas Plas 2024;56:293-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443241236912
  15. Junkong P, Morimoto R, Miyaji K, Tohsan A, Sakaki Y, Ikeda Y. Effect of fatty acids on the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of rubber by active zinc/carboxylate complexes. RSC Advances 2020;10:4772-4785. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10358A
  16. Eslami Z, Elkoun S, Robert M, Adjalle K. A review of the effect of plasticizer on the physical and mechanical properties of alginate-based films. Mol 2023;28:6637. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186637
  17. De Carvalho AP, Dos Santos HF, Ribeiro GD, Hiranobe CT, Goveia D, Gennaro EM, Paim LL, Dos Santos RJ. Sustainable composites: analysis of filler-rubber interaction in natural rubber-styrene-butadiene rubber/polyurethane composites using the Lorenz-Park method and scanning electron microscopy. Polym 2024;16:471. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040471
  18. Park SS, Kil SG, Jang BM, Song KC. Influence of amine base dispersing agent on properties of silica filled rubber compounds. Polym Korea 2001; 25:503-511. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297473393_Influence_of_amine_base_dispersing_agent_on_properties_of_silica_filled_rubber_compounds
  19. Dutta NK. Effect of plasticizer concentration on the hysteresis, tear strength and stress-relaxation characteristics of black-loaded rubber vulcanizate. Colloid Polym Sci 1991;269:331-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00654580
  20. Sae-oui P, Suchiva K, Sirisinha C, Intiya W, Yodjun P, Thepsuwan U. Effects of blend ratio on SBR type on properties of carbon black-filled and silica-filled SBR/BR tire tread compounds. Adv Mat Sci Eng 2017;1:2476101. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2476101
  21. Wen Y, Yin Q, Jia H, Yin B, Zhang X, Liu P, Wang J, Ji Q, Xu Z. Tailoring rubber-filler interfacial interaction and multifunctional rubber nanocomposites by usage of grapheme oxide with different oxidation degrees. Compos Part B: Eng 2017;124:250-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.006
  22. Moretto E, Stoffels C, Federico CE, Roge V, Staropoli M, Imiete IE, Audinot JN, Steiner P, Duez B, Lenoble D, Thomann JS. Interplay of region-selectively modified dendritic silica particles with styrene-butadiene rubber: the route towards better tires with lower rolling-resistance and higher grip. Chem Eng J 2023;461:141964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141964
  23. Kim MC, Adhikari J, Kim JK, Saha P. Preparation of novel bio-elastomers with enhanced interaction with silica filler for low rolling resistance and improved wet grip. J Clean Prod 2019;208:1622-1630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.217
  24. Bernal-Ortega P, van Elburg F, Araujo-Morera J, Gojzewski H, Blume A. Heading towards a fully sustainable tire tread compound: use of bio-based resin. Polym Test 2024;133:108406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108406
  25. Araujo-Morera J, Santana MH, Verdejo R, Lopez-Manchado MA. Giving a second opportunity to tire waste: an alternative path for the development of sustainable self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber compounds overcoming the magic triangle of tires. Polym 2019;11:2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122122
  26. Bernal-Ortega P, Gaillard E, van Elburg F, Blume A. Use of hydrocarbon resins as an alternative to TDAE oil in tire tread compounds. Polym Test 2023;126:108168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108168